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A team led by researchers at 7m��Ƶ and Rice University has developed artificial intelligence (AI) models that help them better understand the brain computations that underlie thoughts. This is new, because until now there has been no method to measure thoughts. The researchers first developed a new model that can estimate thoughts by evaluating behavior, and then tested their model on a trained artificial brain where they found neural activity associated with those estimates of thoughts. The theoretical study appears in the .

“For centuries, neuroscientists have studied how the brain works by relating brain activity to inputs and outputs. For instance, when studying the neuroscience of movement, scientists measure muscle movements as well as neuronal activity, and then relate those two measurements,” said corresponding author Dr. Xaq Pitkow, assistant professor of neuroscience at Baylor and of electrical and computer engineering at . “To study cognition in the brain, however, we don’t have anything to compare the measured neural activity to.”

To understand how the brain gives rise to thought, researchers first need to measure a thought. They developed a method called “Inverse Rational Control” that looks at a behavior and infers the beliefs or thoughts that best explain that behavior.

Traditionally, researchers in this field have worked with the idea that animals solve tasks optimally, behaving in a way that maximizes their net benefits. But when scientists study animal behavior, they find that this is not always the case.

“Sometimes animals have ‘wrong’ beliefs or assumptions about what’s going on in their environment, but still they try to find the best long-term outcomes for their task, given what they believe is going on around them. This could account for why animals seem to behave suboptimally,” said Pitkow, who also is a McNair Scholar at Baylor, co-director of Baylor's Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence and member of the .

For example, consider an animal that is hunting and hears many noises it associates with prey. If one potential prey is making all the noises, the optimal behavior for the hunter is to consistently target its movements to a single noise. If the hunter mistakenly believes the noises are coming from many different animals, it may choose a suboptimal behavior, like constantly scanning its surroundings to try and pinpoint one of them. By acting according to its belief or assumption that there are many potential prey nearby, the hunter is behaving in a way that is simultaneously ‘rational’ and ‘suboptimal.’

In the second part of the work, Pitkow and his colleagues developed a model to relate the thoughts that were identified using the Inverse Rational Control method to brain activity.

“We can look at the dynamics of the modeled thoughts and at the dynamics of the brain’s representations of those thoughts. If those dynamics run parallel to each other, then we have confidence that we are capturing the aspects of the brain computations involved in those thoughts,” Pitkow said. “By providing methods to estimate thoughts and interpret neural activity associated with them, this study can help scientists understand how the brain produces complex behavior and provide new perspectives on neurological conditions.”

Other contributors to this work include Zhengwei Wu, Minhae Kwon, Saurabh Daptardar and Paul Schrater. The authors are affiliated with one or more of the following institutions: 7m��Ƶ, Rice University, Soongsil University, Google Maps, and the University of Minnesota.

This work was supported in part by in part by BRAIN Initiative grant NIH 5U01NS094368, an award from the McNair Foundation, the Simons Collaboration on the Global Brain award 324143, the National Science Foundation award 1450923 BRAIN 43092 and NSF CAREER Award IOS-1552868.